Review




Structured Review

CESCA Therapeutics synapsin i
NRMS upregulates transcriptional levels of genes related to synaptic plasticity in damaged region of SCI rats. (A) The functional classification of different genes in the SCI + NRMS and SCI + SS groups by GO enrichment analysis. (B) The functional classification of different genes between the SCI + NRMS and SCI + SS groups by KEGG database. (C–F) The relative levels of Syn2 , Syp , GAP43 , and MAP2 mRNA normalized by the Sham group. The bold lines, upper boundaries, and lower boundaries represent the medians, 75 th percentiles, and 25 th percentiles, respectively. Whiskers extend 1.5 times interquartile range ( n = 4 per group). * P < 0.05, vs . Sham group; # P < 0.05, vs . SCI + SS group. GAP43: Growth-associated protein 43; GO: Gene Ontology; KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; MAP2: microtubule-associated protein 2; NRMS: nerve root magnetic stimulation; SCI: spinal cord injury; SS: sham stimulation; Syn2: <t>synapsin</t> <t>II;</t> Syp: synaptophysin.
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1) Product Images from "Nerve root magnetic stimulation regulates the synaptic plasticity of injured spinal cord by ascending sensory pathway"

Article Title: Nerve root magnetic stimulation regulates the synaptic plasticity of injured spinal cord by ascending sensory pathway

Journal: Neural Regeneration Research

doi: 10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-24-00628

NRMS upregulates transcriptional levels of genes related to synaptic plasticity in damaged region of SCI rats. (A) The functional classification of different genes in the SCI + NRMS and SCI + SS groups by GO enrichment analysis. (B) The functional classification of different genes between the SCI + NRMS and SCI + SS groups by KEGG database. (C–F) The relative levels of Syn2 , Syp , GAP43 , and MAP2 mRNA normalized by the Sham group. The bold lines, upper boundaries, and lower boundaries represent the medians, 75 th percentiles, and 25 th percentiles, respectively. Whiskers extend 1.5 times interquartile range ( n = 4 per group). * P < 0.05, vs . Sham group; # P < 0.05, vs . SCI + SS group. GAP43: Growth-associated protein 43; GO: Gene Ontology; KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; MAP2: microtubule-associated protein 2; NRMS: nerve root magnetic stimulation; SCI: spinal cord injury; SS: sham stimulation; Syn2: synapsin II; Syp: synaptophysin.
Figure Legend Snippet: NRMS upregulates transcriptional levels of genes related to synaptic plasticity in damaged region of SCI rats. (A) The functional classification of different genes in the SCI + NRMS and SCI + SS groups by GO enrichment analysis. (B) The functional classification of different genes between the SCI + NRMS and SCI + SS groups by KEGG database. (C–F) The relative levels of Syn2 , Syp , GAP43 , and MAP2 mRNA normalized by the Sham group. The bold lines, upper boundaries, and lower boundaries represent the medians, 75 th percentiles, and 25 th percentiles, respectively. Whiskers extend 1.5 times interquartile range ( n = 4 per group). * P < 0.05, vs . Sham group; # P < 0.05, vs . SCI + SS group. GAP43: Growth-associated protein 43; GO: Gene Ontology; KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; MAP2: microtubule-associated protein 2; NRMS: nerve root magnetic stimulation; SCI: spinal cord injury; SS: sham stimulation; Syn2: synapsin II; Syp: synaptophysin.

Techniques Used: Functional Assay

NRMS alters expression of proteins associated with synaptic plasticity in the injured spinal cord of rats. (A) Representative western blots show the expression levels of PSD95, GAP43, Synapsin I and Synapsin II collected from the damaged area of spinal cord on day 22 after SCI. (B–E) The semi-quantified results of PSD95, GAP43, Synapsin I, and Synapsin II protein levels. All experiments were repeated three times. Data are expressed as mean ± SD ( n = 5 per group). ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, vs. Sham group; # P < 0.05, ## P < 0.01, vs . SCI + SS group. GAP43: Growth-associated protein 43; PSD95: postsynaptic density protein-95; NRMS: nerve root magnetic stimulation; SCI: spinal cord injury; SS: sham stimulation.
Figure Legend Snippet: NRMS alters expression of proteins associated with synaptic plasticity in the injured spinal cord of rats. (A) Representative western blots show the expression levels of PSD95, GAP43, Synapsin I and Synapsin II collected from the damaged area of spinal cord on day 22 after SCI. (B–E) The semi-quantified results of PSD95, GAP43, Synapsin I, and Synapsin II protein levels. All experiments were repeated three times. Data are expressed as mean ± SD ( n = 5 per group). ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, vs. Sham group; # P < 0.05, ## P < 0.01, vs . SCI + SS group. GAP43: Growth-associated protein 43; PSD95: postsynaptic density protein-95; NRMS: nerve root magnetic stimulation; SCI: spinal cord injury; SS: sham stimulation.

Techniques Used: Expressing, Western Blot

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Functional Assay:

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Expressing:

Article Title: Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 phosphorylation on synapsin I regulates glutamate release at pre-synaptic sites.
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Article Title: Cynarin, a caffeoylquinic acid derivative in artichoke, inhibits exocytotic glutamate release from rat cortical nerve terminals (synaptosomes).
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Article Title: Huntingtin-associated protein-1 is a synapsin I-binding protein regulating synaptic vesicle exocytosis and synapsin I trafficking.
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Article Title: Ganglioside GQ1b induces dopamine release through the activation of Pyk2.
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Article Title: An integrated transcriptomics and proteomics analysis reveals functional endocytic dysregulation caused by mutations in LRRK2.
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Western Blot:

Article Title: Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 phosphorylation on synapsin I regulates glutamate release at pre-synaptic sites.
Article Snippet: Phosphorylation of synapsin I is known to modulate its interactions with SVs and/or actin (Cesca et al., 2010).

Article Title: Cynarin, a caffeoylquinic acid derivative in artichoke, inhibits exocytotic glutamate release from rat cortical nerve terminals (synaptosomes).
Article Snippet: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of cynarin, a caffeoylquinic acid derivative in artichoke, on glutamate release elicited by 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) in rat cortical nerve terminals (synaptosomes).. We observed that cynarin decreased 4-aminopyridine-elicited glutamate release, which was prevented by the removal of external free Ca2+ with ethylene glycol bis (β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N,N-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) or the blockade of P/Q-type calcium channels with ω-agatoxin IVA.. Molecular docking also revealed that cynarin formed a hydrogen bond with the P/Q-type Ca2+ channel, indicating a mechanism of action involving Ca2+ influx inhibition.

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Article Title: Huntingtin-associated protein-1 is a synapsin I-binding protein regulating synaptic vesicle exocytosis and synapsin I trafficking.
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Article Title: MicroRNA-124 attenuates PTSD-like behaviors and reduces the level of inflammatory cytokines by downregulating the expression of TRAF6 in the hippocampus of rats following single-prolonged stress.
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Article Title: Ganglioside GQ1b induces dopamine release through the activation of Pyk2.
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Reverse Transcription:

Article Title: Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 phosphorylation on synapsin I regulates glutamate release at pre-synaptic sites.
Article Snippet: Phosphorylation of synapsin I is known to modulate its interactions with SVs and/or actin (Cesca et al., 2010).

Article Title: Cynarin, a caffeoylquinic acid derivative in artichoke, inhibits exocytotic glutamate release from rat cortical nerve terminals (synaptosomes).
Article Snippet: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of cynarin, a caffeoylquinic acid derivative in artichoke, on glutamate release elicited by 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) in rat cortical nerve terminals (synaptosomes).. We observed that cynarin decreased 4-aminopyridine-elicited glutamate release, which was prevented by the removal of external free Ca2+ with ethylene glycol bis (β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N,N-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) or the blockade of P/Q-type calcium channels with ω-agatoxin IVA.. Molecular docking also revealed that cynarin formed a hydrogen bond with the P/Q-type Ca2+ channel, indicating a mechanism of action involving Ca2+ influx inhibition.

Article Title: Xuefu Zhuyu decoction improves neurological dysfunction by increasing synapsin expression after traumatic brain injury
Article Snippet: Synapsin I is a nerve terminal-specific phosphoprotein involved in synaptic transmission (Cesca et al., 2010), neural development (Fornasiero et al., 2010), and neurite outgrowth (Wang et al., 2011).

Article Title: Huntingtin-associated protein-1 is a synapsin I-binding protein regulating synaptic vesicle exocytosis and synapsin I trafficking.
Article Snippet: This finding may reflect a dynamic interaction between HAP1 and synapsin I, consistent with the regulatory role of synapsin I in the formation of the readily releasable pool (RRP), and its dynamic association with SVs (Cesca et al. 2010).

Article Title: MicroRNA-124 attenuates PTSD-like behaviors and reduces the level of inflammatory cytokines by downregulating the expression of TRAF6 in the hippocampus of rats following single-prolonged stress.
Article Snippet: Synapsin I is a neuron-specific cytosolic phosphoprotein that can regulate the kinetics of synaptic vesicle fusion and the function of the synaptic response to extracellular signals (Cesca et al., 2010).

Article Title: Ganglioside GQ1b induces dopamine release through the activation of Pyk2.
Article Snippet: a State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China b Key Laboratory of Diagnostics of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Digital Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China c Department of Pharmacology, Guangxi Institute of Chinese Medicine & Pharmaceutical Science, Nanning, China

Article Title: An integrated transcriptomics and proteomics analysis reveals functional endocytic dysregulation caused by mutations in LRRK2.
Article Snippet: In an attempt to understand this change in synaptic vesicle dispersion, we next investigated the levels of synapsin I, a protein key to tethering synaptic vesicles to each other and to actin filaments (Cesca et al., 2010).

Software:

Article Title: Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 phosphorylation on synapsin I regulates glutamate release at pre-synaptic sites.
Article Snippet: Phosphorylation of synapsin I is known to modulate its interactions with SVs and/or actin (Cesca et al., 2010).

Article Title: Cynarin, a caffeoylquinic acid derivative in artichoke, inhibits exocytotic glutamate release from rat cortical nerve terminals (synaptosomes).
Article Snippet: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of cynarin, a caffeoylquinic acid derivative in artichoke, on glutamate release elicited by 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) in rat cortical nerve terminals (synaptosomes).. We observed that cynarin decreased 4-aminopyridine-elicited glutamate release, which was prevented by the removal of external free Ca2+ with ethylene glycol bis (β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N,N-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) or the blockade of P/Q-type calcium channels with ω-agatoxin IVA.. Molecular docking also revealed that cynarin formed a hydrogen bond with the P/Q-type Ca2+ channel, indicating a mechanism of action involving Ca2+ influx inhibition.

Article Title: Xuefu Zhuyu decoction improves neurological dysfunction by increasing synapsin expression after traumatic brain injury
Article Snippet: Synapsin I is a nerve terminal-specific phosphoprotein involved in synaptic transmission (Cesca et al., 2010), neural development (Fornasiero et al., 2010), and neurite outgrowth (Wang et al., 2011).

Article Title: Huntingtin-associated protein-1 is a synapsin I-binding protein regulating synaptic vesicle exocytosis and synapsin I trafficking.
Article Snippet: This finding may reflect a dynamic interaction between HAP1 and synapsin I, consistent with the regulatory role of synapsin I in the formation of the readily releasable pool (RRP), and its dynamic association with SVs (Cesca et al. 2010).

Article Title: MicroRNA-124 attenuates PTSD-like behaviors and reduces the level of inflammatory cytokines by downregulating the expression of TRAF6 in the hippocampus of rats following single-prolonged stress.
Article Snippet: Synapsin I is a neuron-specific cytosolic phosphoprotein that can regulate the kinetics of synaptic vesicle fusion and the function of the synaptic response to extracellular signals (Cesca et al., 2010).

Article Title: Ganglioside GQ1b induces dopamine release through the activation of Pyk2.
Article Snippet: a State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China b Key Laboratory of Diagnostics of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Digital Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China c Department of Pharmacology, Guangxi Institute of Chinese Medicine & Pharmaceutical Science, Nanning, China

Article Title: An integrated transcriptomics and proteomics analysis reveals functional endocytic dysregulation caused by mutations in LRRK2.
Article Snippet: In an attempt to understand this change in synaptic vesicle dispersion, we next investigated the levels of synapsin I, a protein key to tethering synaptic vesicles to each other and to actin filaments (Cesca et al., 2010).

Phospho-proteomics:

Article Title: Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 phosphorylation on synapsin I regulates glutamate release at pre-synaptic sites.
Article Snippet: Phosphorylation of synapsin I is known to modulate its interactions with SVs and/or actin (Cesca et al., 2010).

Article Title: Cynarin, a caffeoylquinic acid derivative in artichoke, inhibits exocytotic glutamate release from rat cortical nerve terminals (synaptosomes).
Article Snippet: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of cynarin, a caffeoylquinic acid derivative in artichoke, on glutamate release elicited by 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) in rat cortical nerve terminals (synaptosomes).. We observed that cynarin decreased 4-aminopyridine-elicited glutamate release, which was prevented by the removal of external free Ca2+ with ethylene glycol bis (β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N,N-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) or the blockade of P/Q-type calcium channels with ω-agatoxin IVA.. Molecular docking also revealed that cynarin formed a hydrogen bond with the P/Q-type Ca2+ channel, indicating a mechanism of action involving Ca2+ influx inhibition.

Article Title: Xuefu Zhuyu decoction improves neurological dysfunction by increasing synapsin expression after traumatic brain injury
Article Snippet: Synapsin I is a nerve terminal-specific phosphoprotein involved in synaptic transmission (Cesca et al., 2010), neural development (Fornasiero et al., 2010), and neurite outgrowth (Wang et al., 2011).

Article Title: Huntingtin-associated protein-1 is a synapsin I-binding protein regulating synaptic vesicle exocytosis and synapsin I trafficking.
Article Snippet: This finding may reflect a dynamic interaction between HAP1 and synapsin I, consistent with the regulatory role of synapsin I in the formation of the readily releasable pool (RRP), and its dynamic association with SVs (Cesca et al. 2010).

Article Title: MicroRNA-124 attenuates PTSD-like behaviors and reduces the level of inflammatory cytokines by downregulating the expression of TRAF6 in the hippocampus of rats following single-prolonged stress.
Article Snippet: Synapsin I is a neuron-specific cytosolic phosphoprotein that can regulate the kinetics of synaptic vesicle fusion and the function of the synaptic response to extracellular signals (Cesca et al., 2010).

Article Title: Ganglioside GQ1b induces dopamine release through the activation of Pyk2.
Article Snippet: a State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China b Key Laboratory of Diagnostics of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Digital Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China c Department of Pharmacology, Guangxi Institute of Chinese Medicine & Pharmaceutical Science, Nanning, China

Article Title: An integrated transcriptomics and proteomics analysis reveals functional endocytic dysregulation caused by mutations in LRRK2.
Article Snippet: In an attempt to understand this change in synaptic vesicle dispersion, we next investigated the levels of synapsin I, a protein key to tethering synaptic vesicles to each other and to actin filaments (Cesca et al., 2010).

Blocking Assay:

Article Title: Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 phosphorylation on synapsin I regulates glutamate release at pre-synaptic sites.
Article Snippet: Phosphorylation of synapsin I is known to modulate its interactions with SVs and/or actin (Cesca et al., 2010).

Article Title: Cynarin, a caffeoylquinic acid derivative in artichoke, inhibits exocytotic glutamate release from rat cortical nerve terminals (synaptosomes).
Article Snippet: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of cynarin, a caffeoylquinic acid derivative in artichoke, on glutamate release elicited by 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) in rat cortical nerve terminals (synaptosomes).. We observed that cynarin decreased 4-aminopyridine-elicited glutamate release, which was prevented by the removal of external free Ca2+ with ethylene glycol bis (β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N,N-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) or the blockade of P/Q-type calcium channels with ω-agatoxin IVA.. Molecular docking also revealed that cynarin formed a hydrogen bond with the P/Q-type Ca2+ channel, indicating a mechanism of action involving Ca2+ influx inhibition.

Article Title: Xuefu Zhuyu decoction improves neurological dysfunction by increasing synapsin expression after traumatic brain injury
Article Snippet: Synapsin I is a nerve terminal-specific phosphoprotein involved in synaptic transmission (Cesca et al., 2010), neural development (Fornasiero et al., 2010), and neurite outgrowth (Wang et al., 2011).

Article Title: Huntingtin-associated protein-1 is a synapsin I-binding protein regulating synaptic vesicle exocytosis and synapsin I trafficking.
Article Snippet: This finding may reflect a dynamic interaction between HAP1 and synapsin I, consistent with the regulatory role of synapsin I in the formation of the readily releasable pool (RRP), and its dynamic association with SVs (Cesca et al. 2010).

Article Title: MicroRNA-124 attenuates PTSD-like behaviors and reduces the level of inflammatory cytokines by downregulating the expression of TRAF6 in the hippocampus of rats following single-prolonged stress.
Article Snippet: Synapsin I is a neuron-specific cytosolic phosphoprotein that can regulate the kinetics of synaptic vesicle fusion and the function of the synaptic response to extracellular signals (Cesca et al., 2010).

Article Title: Ganglioside GQ1b induces dopamine release through the activation of Pyk2.
Article Snippet: a State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China b Key Laboratory of Diagnostics of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Digital Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China c Department of Pharmacology, Guangxi Institute of Chinese Medicine & Pharmaceutical Science, Nanning, China

Article Title: An integrated transcriptomics and proteomics analysis reveals functional endocytic dysregulation caused by mutations in LRRK2.
Article Snippet: In an attempt to understand this change in synaptic vesicle dispersion, we next investigated the levels of synapsin I, a protein key to tethering synaptic vesicles to each other and to actin filaments (Cesca et al., 2010).

Incubation:

Article Title: Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 phosphorylation on synapsin I regulates glutamate release at pre-synaptic sites.
Article Snippet: Phosphorylation of synapsin I is known to modulate its interactions with SVs and/or actin (Cesca et al., 2010).

Article Title: Cynarin, a caffeoylquinic acid derivative in artichoke, inhibits exocytotic glutamate release from rat cortical nerve terminals (synaptosomes).
Article Snippet: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of cynarin, a caffeoylquinic acid derivative in artichoke, on glutamate release elicited by 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) in rat cortical nerve terminals (synaptosomes).. We observed that cynarin decreased 4-aminopyridine-elicited glutamate release, which was prevented by the removal of external free Ca2+ with ethylene glycol bis (β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N,N-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) or the blockade of P/Q-type calcium channels with ω-agatoxin IVA.. Molecular docking also revealed that cynarin formed a hydrogen bond with the P/Q-type Ca2+ channel, indicating a mechanism of action involving Ca2+ influx inhibition.

Article Title: Xuefu Zhuyu decoction improves neurological dysfunction by increasing synapsin expression after traumatic brain injury
Article Snippet: Synapsin I is a nerve terminal-specific phosphoprotein involved in synaptic transmission (Cesca et al., 2010), neural development (Fornasiero et al., 2010), and neurite outgrowth (Wang et al., 2011).

Article Title: Huntingtin-associated protein-1 is a synapsin I-binding protein regulating synaptic vesicle exocytosis and synapsin I trafficking.
Article Snippet: This finding may reflect a dynamic interaction between HAP1 and synapsin I, consistent with the regulatory role of synapsin I in the formation of the readily releasable pool (RRP), and its dynamic association with SVs (Cesca et al. 2010).

Article Title: MicroRNA-124 attenuates PTSD-like behaviors and reduces the level of inflammatory cytokines by downregulating the expression of TRAF6 in the hippocampus of rats following single-prolonged stress.
Article Snippet: Synapsin I is a neuron-specific cytosolic phosphoprotein that can regulate the kinetics of synaptic vesicle fusion and the function of the synaptic response to extracellular signals (Cesca et al., 2010).

Article Title: Ganglioside GQ1b induces dopamine release through the activation of Pyk2.
Article Snippet: a State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China b Key Laboratory of Diagnostics of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Digital Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China c Department of Pharmacology, Guangxi Institute of Chinese Medicine & Pharmaceutical Science, Nanning, China

Article Title: An integrated transcriptomics and proteomics analysis reveals functional endocytic dysregulation caused by mutations in LRRK2.
Article Snippet: In an attempt to understand this change in synaptic vesicle dispersion, we next investigated the levels of synapsin I, a protein key to tethering synaptic vesicles to each other and to actin filaments (Cesca et al., 2010).

Knock-Out:

Article Title: Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 phosphorylation on synapsin I regulates glutamate release at pre-synaptic sites.
Article Snippet: Phosphorylation of synapsin I is known to modulate its interactions with SVs and/or actin (Cesca et al., 2010).

Article Title: Cynarin, a caffeoylquinic acid derivative in artichoke, inhibits exocytotic glutamate release from rat cortical nerve terminals (synaptosomes).
Article Snippet: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of cynarin, a caffeoylquinic acid derivative in artichoke, on glutamate release elicited by 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) in rat cortical nerve terminals (synaptosomes).. We observed that cynarin decreased 4-aminopyridine-elicited glutamate release, which was prevented by the removal of external free Ca2+ with ethylene glycol bis (β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N,N-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) or the blockade of P/Q-type calcium channels with ω-agatoxin IVA.. Molecular docking also revealed that cynarin formed a hydrogen bond with the P/Q-type Ca2+ channel, indicating a mechanism of action involving Ca2+ influx inhibition.

Article Title: Xuefu Zhuyu decoction improves neurological dysfunction by increasing synapsin expression after traumatic brain injury
Article Snippet: Synapsin I is a nerve terminal-specific phosphoprotein involved in synaptic transmission (Cesca et al., 2010), neural development (Fornasiero et al., 2010), and neurite outgrowth (Wang et al., 2011).

Article Title: Huntingtin-associated protein-1 is a synapsin I-binding protein regulating synaptic vesicle exocytosis and synapsin I trafficking.
Article Snippet: This finding may reflect a dynamic interaction between HAP1 and synapsin I, consistent with the regulatory role of synapsin I in the formation of the readily releasable pool (RRP), and its dynamic association with SVs (Cesca et al. 2010).

Article Title: MicroRNA-124 attenuates PTSD-like behaviors and reduces the level of inflammatory cytokines by downregulating the expression of TRAF6 in the hippocampus of rats following single-prolonged stress.
Article Snippet: Synapsin I is a neuron-specific cytosolic phosphoprotein that can regulate the kinetics of synaptic vesicle fusion and the function of the synaptic response to extracellular signals (Cesca et al., 2010).

Article Title: Ganglioside GQ1b induces dopamine release through the activation of Pyk2.
Article Snippet: a State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China b Key Laboratory of Diagnostics of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Digital Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China c Department of Pharmacology, Guangxi Institute of Chinese Medicine & Pharmaceutical Science, Nanning, China

Article Title: An integrated transcriptomics and proteomics analysis reveals functional endocytic dysregulation caused by mutations in LRRK2.
Article Snippet: In an attempt to understand this change in synaptic vesicle dispersion, we next investigated the levels of synapsin I, a protein key to tethering synaptic vesicles to each other and to actin filaments (Cesca et al., 2010).

Generated:

Article Title: Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 phosphorylation on synapsin I regulates glutamate release at pre-synaptic sites.
Article Snippet: Phosphorylation of synapsin I is known to modulate its interactions with SVs and/or actin (Cesca et al., 2010).

Article Title: Cynarin, a caffeoylquinic acid derivative in artichoke, inhibits exocytotic glutamate release from rat cortical nerve terminals (synaptosomes).
Article Snippet: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of cynarin, a caffeoylquinic acid derivative in artichoke, on glutamate release elicited by 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) in rat cortical nerve terminals (synaptosomes).. We observed that cynarin decreased 4-aminopyridine-elicited glutamate release, which was prevented by the removal of external free Ca2+ with ethylene glycol bis (β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N,N-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) or the blockade of P/Q-type calcium channels with ω-agatoxin IVA.. Molecular docking also revealed that cynarin formed a hydrogen bond with the P/Q-type Ca2+ channel, indicating a mechanism of action involving Ca2+ influx inhibition.

Article Title: Xuefu Zhuyu decoction improves neurological dysfunction by increasing synapsin expression after traumatic brain injury
Article Snippet: Synapsin I is a nerve terminal-specific phosphoprotein involved in synaptic transmission (Cesca et al., 2010), neural development (Fornasiero et al., 2010), and neurite outgrowth (Wang et al., 2011).

Article Title: Huntingtin-associated protein-1 is a synapsin I-binding protein regulating synaptic vesicle exocytosis and synapsin I trafficking.
Article Snippet: This finding may reflect a dynamic interaction between HAP1 and synapsin I, consistent with the regulatory role of synapsin I in the formation of the readily releasable pool (RRP), and its dynamic association with SVs (Cesca et al. 2010).

Article Title: MicroRNA-124 attenuates PTSD-like behaviors and reduces the level of inflammatory cytokines by downregulating the expression of TRAF6 in the hippocampus of rats following single-prolonged stress.
Article Snippet: Synapsin I is a neuron-specific cytosolic phosphoprotein that can regulate the kinetics of synaptic vesicle fusion and the function of the synaptic response to extracellular signals (Cesca et al., 2010).

Article Title: Ganglioside GQ1b induces dopamine release through the activation of Pyk2.
Article Snippet: a State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China b Key Laboratory of Diagnostics of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Digital Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China c Department of Pharmacology, Guangxi Institute of Chinese Medicine & Pharmaceutical Science, Nanning, China

Article Title: An integrated transcriptomics and proteomics analysis reveals functional endocytic dysregulation caused by mutations in LRRK2.
Article Snippet: In an attempt to understand this change in synaptic vesicle dispersion, we next investigated the levels of synapsin I, a protein key to tethering synaptic vesicles to each other and to actin filaments (Cesca et al., 2010).

Homologous Recombination:

Article Title: Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 phosphorylation on synapsin I regulates glutamate release at pre-synaptic sites.
Article Snippet: Phosphorylation of synapsin I is known to modulate its interactions with SVs and/or actin (Cesca et al., 2010).

Article Title: Cynarin, a caffeoylquinic acid derivative in artichoke, inhibits exocytotic glutamate release from rat cortical nerve terminals (synaptosomes).
Article Snippet: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of cynarin, a caffeoylquinic acid derivative in artichoke, on glutamate release elicited by 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) in rat cortical nerve terminals (synaptosomes).. We observed that cynarin decreased 4-aminopyridine-elicited glutamate release, which was prevented by the removal of external free Ca2+ with ethylene glycol bis (β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N,N-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) or the blockade of P/Q-type calcium channels with ω-agatoxin IVA.. Molecular docking also revealed that cynarin formed a hydrogen bond with the P/Q-type Ca2+ channel, indicating a mechanism of action involving Ca2+ influx inhibition.

Article Title: Xuefu Zhuyu decoction improves neurological dysfunction by increasing synapsin expression after traumatic brain injury
Article Snippet: Synapsin I is a nerve terminal-specific phosphoprotein involved in synaptic transmission (Cesca et al., 2010), neural development (Fornasiero et al., 2010), and neurite outgrowth (Wang et al., 2011).

Article Title: Huntingtin-associated protein-1 is a synapsin I-binding protein regulating synaptic vesicle exocytosis and synapsin I trafficking.
Article Snippet: This finding may reflect a dynamic interaction between HAP1 and synapsin I, consistent with the regulatory role of synapsin I in the formation of the readily releasable pool (RRP), and its dynamic association with SVs (Cesca et al. 2010).

Article Title: MicroRNA-124 attenuates PTSD-like behaviors and reduces the level of inflammatory cytokines by downregulating the expression of TRAF6 in the hippocampus of rats following single-prolonged stress.
Article Snippet: Synapsin I is a neuron-specific cytosolic phosphoprotein that can regulate the kinetics of synaptic vesicle fusion and the function of the synaptic response to extracellular signals (Cesca et al., 2010).

Article Title: Ganglioside GQ1b induces dopamine release through the activation of Pyk2.
Article Snippet: a State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China b Key Laboratory of Diagnostics of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Digital Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China c Department of Pharmacology, Guangxi Institute of Chinese Medicine & Pharmaceutical Science, Nanning, China

Article Title: An integrated transcriptomics and proteomics analysis reveals functional endocytic dysregulation caused by mutations in LRRK2.
Article Snippet: In an attempt to understand this change in synaptic vesicle dispersion, we next investigated the levels of synapsin I, a protein key to tethering synaptic vesicles to each other and to actin filaments (Cesca et al., 2010).

Mutagenesis:

Article Title: Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 phosphorylation on synapsin I regulates glutamate release at pre-synaptic sites.
Article Snippet: Phosphorylation of synapsin I is known to modulate its interactions with SVs and/or actin (Cesca et al., 2010).

Article Title: Cynarin, a caffeoylquinic acid derivative in artichoke, inhibits exocytotic glutamate release from rat cortical nerve terminals (synaptosomes).
Article Snippet: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of cynarin, a caffeoylquinic acid derivative in artichoke, on glutamate release elicited by 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) in rat cortical nerve terminals (synaptosomes).. We observed that cynarin decreased 4-aminopyridine-elicited glutamate release, which was prevented by the removal of external free Ca2+ with ethylene glycol bis (β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N,N-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) or the blockade of P/Q-type calcium channels with ω-agatoxin IVA.. Molecular docking also revealed that cynarin formed a hydrogen bond with the P/Q-type Ca2+ channel, indicating a mechanism of action involving Ca2+ influx inhibition.

Article Title: Xuefu Zhuyu decoction improves neurological dysfunction by increasing synapsin expression after traumatic brain injury
Article Snippet: Synapsin I is a nerve terminal-specific phosphoprotein involved in synaptic transmission (Cesca et al., 2010), neural development (Fornasiero et al., 2010), and neurite outgrowth (Wang et al., 2011).

Article Title: Huntingtin-associated protein-1 is a synapsin I-binding protein regulating synaptic vesicle exocytosis and synapsin I trafficking.
Article Snippet: This finding may reflect a dynamic interaction between HAP1 and synapsin I, consistent with the regulatory role of synapsin I in the formation of the readily releasable pool (RRP), and its dynamic association with SVs (Cesca et al. 2010).

Article Title: MicroRNA-124 attenuates PTSD-like behaviors and reduces the level of inflammatory cytokines by downregulating the expression of TRAF6 in the hippocampus of rats following single-prolonged stress.
Article Snippet: Synapsin I is a neuron-specific cytosolic phosphoprotein that can regulate the kinetics of synaptic vesicle fusion and the function of the synaptic response to extracellular signals (Cesca et al., 2010).

Article Title: Ganglioside GQ1b induces dopamine release through the activation of Pyk2.
Article Snippet: a State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China b Key Laboratory of Diagnostics of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Digital Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China c Department of Pharmacology, Guangxi Institute of Chinese Medicine & Pharmaceutical Science, Nanning, China

Article Title: An integrated transcriptomics and proteomics analysis reveals functional endocytic dysregulation caused by mutations in LRRK2.
Article Snippet: In an attempt to understand this change in synaptic vesicle dispersion, we next investigated the levels of synapsin I, a protein key to tethering synaptic vesicles to each other and to actin filaments (Cesca et al., 2010).

In Vitro:

Article Title: Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 phosphorylation on synapsin I regulates glutamate release at pre-synaptic sites.
Article Snippet: Phosphorylation of synapsin I is known to modulate its interactions with SVs and/or actin (Cesca et al., 2010).

Article Title: Cynarin, a caffeoylquinic acid derivative in artichoke, inhibits exocytotic glutamate release from rat cortical nerve terminals (synaptosomes).
Article Snippet: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of cynarin, a caffeoylquinic acid derivative in artichoke, on glutamate release elicited by 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) in rat cortical nerve terminals (synaptosomes).. We observed that cynarin decreased 4-aminopyridine-elicited glutamate release, which was prevented by the removal of external free Ca2+ with ethylene glycol bis (β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N,N-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) or the blockade of P/Q-type calcium channels with ω-agatoxin IVA.. Molecular docking also revealed that cynarin formed a hydrogen bond with the P/Q-type Ca2+ channel, indicating a mechanism of action involving Ca2+ influx inhibition.

Article Title: Xuefu Zhuyu decoction improves neurological dysfunction by increasing synapsin expression after traumatic brain injury
Article Snippet: Synapsin I is a nerve terminal-specific phosphoprotein involved in synaptic transmission (Cesca et al., 2010), neural development (Fornasiero et al., 2010), and neurite outgrowth (Wang et al., 2011).

Article Title: Huntingtin-associated protein-1 is a synapsin I-binding protein regulating synaptic vesicle exocytosis and synapsin I trafficking.
Article Snippet: This finding may reflect a dynamic interaction between HAP1 and synapsin I, consistent with the regulatory role of synapsin I in the formation of the readily releasable pool (RRP), and its dynamic association with SVs (Cesca et al. 2010).

Article Title: MicroRNA-124 attenuates PTSD-like behaviors and reduces the level of inflammatory cytokines by downregulating the expression of TRAF6 in the hippocampus of rats following single-prolonged stress.
Article Snippet: Synapsin I is a neuron-specific cytosolic phosphoprotein that can regulate the kinetics of synaptic vesicle fusion and the function of the synaptic response to extracellular signals (Cesca et al., 2010).

Article Title: Ganglioside GQ1b induces dopamine release through the activation of Pyk2.
Article Snippet: a State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China b Key Laboratory of Diagnostics of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Digital Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China c Department of Pharmacology, Guangxi Institute of Chinese Medicine & Pharmaceutical Science, Nanning, China

Article Title: An integrated transcriptomics and proteomics analysis reveals functional endocytic dysregulation caused by mutations in LRRK2.
Article Snippet: In an attempt to understand this change in synaptic vesicle dispersion, we next investigated the levels of synapsin I, a protein key to tethering synaptic vesicles to each other and to actin filaments (Cesca et al., 2010).

Purification:

Article Title: Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 phosphorylation on synapsin I regulates glutamate release at pre-synaptic sites.
Article Snippet: Phosphorylation of synapsin I is known to modulate its interactions with SVs and/or actin (Cesca et al., 2010).

Article Title: Cynarin, a caffeoylquinic acid derivative in artichoke, inhibits exocytotic glutamate release from rat cortical nerve terminals (synaptosomes).
Article Snippet: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of cynarin, a caffeoylquinic acid derivative in artichoke, on glutamate release elicited by 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) in rat cortical nerve terminals (synaptosomes).. We observed that cynarin decreased 4-aminopyridine-elicited glutamate release, which was prevented by the removal of external free Ca2+ with ethylene glycol bis (β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N,N-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) or the blockade of P/Q-type calcium channels with ω-agatoxin IVA.. Molecular docking also revealed that cynarin formed a hydrogen bond with the P/Q-type Ca2+ channel, indicating a mechanism of action involving Ca2+ influx inhibition.

Article Title: Xuefu Zhuyu decoction improves neurological dysfunction by increasing synapsin expression after traumatic brain injury
Article Snippet: Synapsin I is a nerve terminal-specific phosphoprotein involved in synaptic transmission (Cesca et al., 2010), neural development (Fornasiero et al., 2010), and neurite outgrowth (Wang et al., 2011).

Article Title: Huntingtin-associated protein-1 is a synapsin I-binding protein regulating synaptic vesicle exocytosis and synapsin I trafficking.
Article Snippet: This finding may reflect a dynamic interaction between HAP1 and synapsin I, consistent with the regulatory role of synapsin I in the formation of the readily releasable pool (RRP), and its dynamic association with SVs (Cesca et al. 2010).

Article Title: MicroRNA-124 attenuates PTSD-like behaviors and reduces the level of inflammatory cytokines by downregulating the expression of TRAF6 in the hippocampus of rats following single-prolonged stress.
Article Snippet: Synapsin I is a neuron-specific cytosolic phosphoprotein that can regulate the kinetics of synaptic vesicle fusion and the function of the synaptic response to extracellular signals (Cesca et al., 2010).

Article Title: Ganglioside GQ1b induces dopamine release through the activation of Pyk2.
Article Snippet: a State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China b Key Laboratory of Diagnostics of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Digital Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China c Department of Pharmacology, Guangxi Institute of Chinese Medicine & Pharmaceutical Science, Nanning, China

Article Title: An integrated transcriptomics and proteomics analysis reveals functional endocytic dysregulation caused by mutations in LRRK2.
Article Snippet: In an attempt to understand this change in synaptic vesicle dispersion, we next investigated the levels of synapsin I, a protein key to tethering synaptic vesicles to each other and to actin filaments (Cesca et al., 2010).

Recombinant:

Article Title: Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 phosphorylation on synapsin I regulates glutamate release at pre-synaptic sites.
Article Snippet: Phosphorylation of synapsin I is known to modulate its interactions with SVs and/or actin (Cesca et al., 2010).

Article Title: Cynarin, a caffeoylquinic acid derivative in artichoke, inhibits exocytotic glutamate release from rat cortical nerve terminals (synaptosomes).
Article Snippet: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of cynarin, a caffeoylquinic acid derivative in artichoke, on glutamate release elicited by 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) in rat cortical nerve terminals (synaptosomes).. We observed that cynarin decreased 4-aminopyridine-elicited glutamate release, which was prevented by the removal of external free Ca2+ with ethylene glycol bis (β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N,N-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) or the blockade of P/Q-type calcium channels with ω-agatoxin IVA.. Molecular docking also revealed that cynarin formed a hydrogen bond with the P/Q-type Ca2+ channel, indicating a mechanism of action involving Ca2+ influx inhibition.

Article Title: Xuefu Zhuyu decoction improves neurological dysfunction by increasing synapsin expression after traumatic brain injury
Article Snippet: Synapsin I is a nerve terminal-specific phosphoprotein involved in synaptic transmission (Cesca et al., 2010), neural development (Fornasiero et al., 2010), and neurite outgrowth (Wang et al., 2011).

Article Title: Huntingtin-associated protein-1 is a synapsin I-binding protein regulating synaptic vesicle exocytosis and synapsin I trafficking.
Article Snippet: This finding may reflect a dynamic interaction between HAP1 and synapsin I, consistent with the regulatory role of synapsin I in the formation of the readily releasable pool (RRP), and its dynamic association with SVs (Cesca et al. 2010).

Article Title: MicroRNA-124 attenuates PTSD-like behaviors and reduces the level of inflammatory cytokines by downregulating the expression of TRAF6 in the hippocampus of rats following single-prolonged stress.
Article Snippet: Synapsin I is a neuron-specific cytosolic phosphoprotein that can regulate the kinetics of synaptic vesicle fusion and the function of the synaptic response to extracellular signals (Cesca et al., 2010).

Article Title: Ganglioside GQ1b induces dopamine release through the activation of Pyk2.
Article Snippet: a State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China b Key Laboratory of Diagnostics of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Digital Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China c Department of Pharmacology, Guangxi Institute of Chinese Medicine & Pharmaceutical Science, Nanning, China

Article Title: An integrated transcriptomics and proteomics analysis reveals functional endocytic dysregulation caused by mutations in LRRK2.
Article Snippet: In an attempt to understand this change in synaptic vesicle dispersion, we next investigated the levels of synapsin I, a protein key to tethering synaptic vesicles to each other and to actin filaments (Cesca et al., 2010).

Binding Assay:

Article Title: Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 phosphorylation on synapsin I regulates glutamate release at pre-synaptic sites.
Article Snippet: Phosphorylation of synapsin I is known to modulate its interactions with SVs and/or actin (Cesca et al., 2010).

Article Title: Cynarin, a caffeoylquinic acid derivative in artichoke, inhibits exocytotic glutamate release from rat cortical nerve terminals (synaptosomes).
Article Snippet: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of cynarin, a caffeoylquinic acid derivative in artichoke, on glutamate release elicited by 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) in rat cortical nerve terminals (synaptosomes).. We observed that cynarin decreased 4-aminopyridine-elicited glutamate release, which was prevented by the removal of external free Ca2+ with ethylene glycol bis (β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N,N-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) or the blockade of P/Q-type calcium channels with ω-agatoxin IVA.. Molecular docking also revealed that cynarin formed a hydrogen bond with the P/Q-type Ca2+ channel, indicating a mechanism of action involving Ca2+ influx inhibition.

Article Title: Xuefu Zhuyu decoction improves neurological dysfunction by increasing synapsin expression after traumatic brain injury
Article Snippet: Synapsin I is a nerve terminal-specific phosphoprotein involved in synaptic transmission (Cesca et al., 2010), neural development (Fornasiero et al., 2010), and neurite outgrowth (Wang et al., 2011).

Article Title: Huntingtin-associated protein-1 is a synapsin I-binding protein regulating synaptic vesicle exocytosis and synapsin I trafficking.
Article Snippet: This finding may reflect a dynamic interaction between HAP1 and synapsin I, consistent with the regulatory role of synapsin I in the formation of the readily releasable pool (RRP), and its dynamic association with SVs (Cesca et al. 2010).

Article Title: MicroRNA-124 attenuates PTSD-like behaviors and reduces the level of inflammatory cytokines by downregulating the expression of TRAF6 in the hippocampus of rats following single-prolonged stress.
Article Snippet: Synapsin I is a neuron-specific cytosolic phosphoprotein that can regulate the kinetics of synaptic vesicle fusion and the function of the synaptic response to extracellular signals (Cesca et al., 2010).

Article Title: Ganglioside GQ1b induces dopamine release through the activation of Pyk2.
Article Snippet: a State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China b Key Laboratory of Diagnostics of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Digital Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China c Department of Pharmacology, Guangxi Institute of Chinese Medicine & Pharmaceutical Science, Nanning, China

Article Title: An integrated transcriptomics and proteomics analysis reveals functional endocytic dysregulation caused by mutations in LRRK2.
Article Snippet: In an attempt to understand this change in synaptic vesicle dispersion, we next investigated the levels of synapsin I, a protein key to tethering synaptic vesicles to each other and to actin filaments (Cesca et al., 2010).

De-Phosphorylation Assay:

Article Title: Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 phosphorylation on synapsin I regulates glutamate release at pre-synaptic sites.
Article Snippet: Phosphorylation of synapsin I is known to modulate its interactions with SVs and/or actin (Cesca et al., 2010).

Article Title: Cynarin, a caffeoylquinic acid derivative in artichoke, inhibits exocytotic glutamate release from rat cortical nerve terminals (synaptosomes).
Article Snippet: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of cynarin, a caffeoylquinic acid derivative in artichoke, on glutamate release elicited by 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) in rat cortical nerve terminals (synaptosomes).. We observed that cynarin decreased 4-aminopyridine-elicited glutamate release, which was prevented by the removal of external free Ca2+ with ethylene glycol bis (β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N,N-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) or the blockade of P/Q-type calcium channels with ω-agatoxin IVA.. Molecular docking also revealed that cynarin formed a hydrogen bond with the P/Q-type Ca2+ channel, indicating a mechanism of action involving Ca2+ influx inhibition.

Article Title: Xuefu Zhuyu decoction improves neurological dysfunction by increasing synapsin expression after traumatic brain injury
Article Snippet: Synapsin I is a nerve terminal-specific phosphoprotein involved in synaptic transmission (Cesca et al., 2010), neural development (Fornasiero et al., 2010), and neurite outgrowth (Wang et al., 2011).

Article Title: Huntingtin-associated protein-1 is a synapsin I-binding protein regulating synaptic vesicle exocytosis and synapsin I trafficking.
Article Snippet: This finding may reflect a dynamic interaction between HAP1 and synapsin I, consistent with the regulatory role of synapsin I in the formation of the readily releasable pool (RRP), and its dynamic association with SVs (Cesca et al. 2010).

Article Title: MicroRNA-124 attenuates PTSD-like behaviors and reduces the level of inflammatory cytokines by downregulating the expression of TRAF6 in the hippocampus of rats following single-prolonged stress.
Article Snippet: Synapsin I is a neuron-specific cytosolic phosphoprotein that can regulate the kinetics of synaptic vesicle fusion and the function of the synaptic response to extracellular signals (Cesca et al., 2010).

Article Title: Ganglioside GQ1b induces dopamine release through the activation of Pyk2.
Article Snippet: a State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China b Key Laboratory of Diagnostics of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Digital Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China c Department of Pharmacology, Guangxi Institute of Chinese Medicine & Pharmaceutical Science, Nanning, China

Article Title: An integrated transcriptomics and proteomics analysis reveals functional endocytic dysregulation caused by mutations in LRRK2.
Article Snippet: In an attempt to understand this change in synaptic vesicle dispersion, we next investigated the levels of synapsin I, a protein key to tethering synaptic vesicles to each other and to actin filaments (Cesca et al., 2010).

Dispersion:

Article Title: Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 phosphorylation on synapsin I regulates glutamate release at pre-synaptic sites.
Article Snippet: Phosphorylation of synapsin I is known to modulate its interactions with SVs and/or actin (Cesca et al., 2010).

Article Title: Cynarin, a caffeoylquinic acid derivative in artichoke, inhibits exocytotic glutamate release from rat cortical nerve terminals (synaptosomes).
Article Snippet: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of cynarin, a caffeoylquinic acid derivative in artichoke, on glutamate release elicited by 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) in rat cortical nerve terminals (synaptosomes).. We observed that cynarin decreased 4-aminopyridine-elicited glutamate release, which was prevented by the removal of external free Ca2+ with ethylene glycol bis (β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N,N-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) or the blockade of P/Q-type calcium channels with ω-agatoxin IVA.. Molecular docking also revealed that cynarin formed a hydrogen bond with the P/Q-type Ca2+ channel, indicating a mechanism of action involving Ca2+ influx inhibition.

Article Title: Xuefu Zhuyu decoction improves neurological dysfunction by increasing synapsin expression after traumatic brain injury
Article Snippet: Synapsin I is a nerve terminal-specific phosphoprotein involved in synaptic transmission (Cesca et al., 2010), neural development (Fornasiero et al., 2010), and neurite outgrowth (Wang et al., 2011).

Article Title: Huntingtin-associated protein-1 is a synapsin I-binding protein regulating synaptic vesicle exocytosis and synapsin I trafficking.
Article Snippet: This finding may reflect a dynamic interaction between HAP1 and synapsin I, consistent with the regulatory role of synapsin I in the formation of the readily releasable pool (RRP), and its dynamic association with SVs (Cesca et al. 2010).

Article Title: MicroRNA-124 attenuates PTSD-like behaviors and reduces the level of inflammatory cytokines by downregulating the expression of TRAF6 in the hippocampus of rats following single-prolonged stress.
Article Snippet: Synapsin I is a neuron-specific cytosolic phosphoprotein that can regulate the kinetics of synaptic vesicle fusion and the function of the synaptic response to extracellular signals (Cesca et al., 2010).

Article Title: Ganglioside GQ1b induces dopamine release through the activation of Pyk2.
Article Snippet: a State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China b Key Laboratory of Diagnostics of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Digital Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China c Department of Pharmacology, Guangxi Institute of Chinese Medicine & Pharmaceutical Science, Nanning, China

Article Title: An integrated transcriptomics and proteomics analysis reveals functional endocytic dysregulation caused by mutations in LRRK2.
Article Snippet: In an attempt to understand this change in synaptic vesicle dispersion, we next investigated the levels of synapsin I, a protein key to tethering synaptic vesicles to each other and to actin filaments (Cesca et al., 2010).

Double Knockout:

Article Title: Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 phosphorylation on synapsin I regulates glutamate release at pre-synaptic sites.
Article Snippet: Phosphorylation of synapsin I is known to modulate its interactions with SVs and/or actin (Cesca et al., 2010).

Article Title: Cynarin, a caffeoylquinic acid derivative in artichoke, inhibits exocytotic glutamate release from rat cortical nerve terminals (synaptosomes).
Article Snippet: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of cynarin, a caffeoylquinic acid derivative in artichoke, on glutamate release elicited by 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) in rat cortical nerve terminals (synaptosomes).. We observed that cynarin decreased 4-aminopyridine-elicited glutamate release, which was prevented by the removal of external free Ca2+ with ethylene glycol bis (β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N,N-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) or the blockade of P/Q-type calcium channels with ω-agatoxin IVA.. Molecular docking also revealed that cynarin formed a hydrogen bond with the P/Q-type Ca2+ channel, indicating a mechanism of action involving Ca2+ influx inhibition.

Article Title: Xuefu Zhuyu decoction improves neurological dysfunction by increasing synapsin expression after traumatic brain injury
Article Snippet: Synapsin I is a nerve terminal-specific phosphoprotein involved in synaptic transmission (Cesca et al., 2010), neural development (Fornasiero et al., 2010), and neurite outgrowth (Wang et al., 2011).

Article Title: Huntingtin-associated protein-1 is a synapsin I-binding protein regulating synaptic vesicle exocytosis and synapsin I trafficking.
Article Snippet: This finding may reflect a dynamic interaction between HAP1 and synapsin I, consistent with the regulatory role of synapsin I in the formation of the readily releasable pool (RRP), and its dynamic association with SVs (Cesca et al. 2010).

Article Title: MicroRNA-124 attenuates PTSD-like behaviors and reduces the level of inflammatory cytokines by downregulating the expression of TRAF6 in the hippocampus of rats following single-prolonged stress.
Article Snippet: Synapsin I is a neuron-specific cytosolic phosphoprotein that can regulate the kinetics of synaptic vesicle fusion and the function of the synaptic response to extracellular signals (Cesca et al., 2010).

Article Title: Ganglioside GQ1b induces dopamine release through the activation of Pyk2.
Article Snippet: a State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China b Key Laboratory of Diagnostics of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Digital Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China c Department of Pharmacology, Guangxi Institute of Chinese Medicine & Pharmaceutical Science, Nanning, China

Article Title: An integrated transcriptomics and proteomics analysis reveals functional endocytic dysregulation caused by mutations in LRRK2.
Article Snippet: In an attempt to understand this change in synaptic vesicle dispersion, we next investigated the levels of synapsin I, a protein key to tethering synaptic vesicles to each other and to actin filaments (Cesca et al., 2010).

Transfection:

Article Title: Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 phosphorylation on synapsin I regulates glutamate release at pre-synaptic sites.
Article Snippet: Phosphorylation of synapsin I is known to modulate its interactions with SVs and/or actin (Cesca et al., 2010).

Article Title: Cynarin, a caffeoylquinic acid derivative in artichoke, inhibits exocytotic glutamate release from rat cortical nerve terminals (synaptosomes).
Article Snippet: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of cynarin, a caffeoylquinic acid derivative in artichoke, on glutamate release elicited by 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) in rat cortical nerve terminals (synaptosomes).. We observed that cynarin decreased 4-aminopyridine-elicited glutamate release, which was prevented by the removal of external free Ca2+ with ethylene glycol bis (β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N,N-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) or the blockade of P/Q-type calcium channels with ω-agatoxin IVA.. Molecular docking also revealed that cynarin formed a hydrogen bond with the P/Q-type Ca2+ channel, indicating a mechanism of action involving Ca2+ influx inhibition.

Article Title: Xuefu Zhuyu decoction improves neurological dysfunction by increasing synapsin expression after traumatic brain injury
Article Snippet: Synapsin I is a nerve terminal-specific phosphoprotein involved in synaptic transmission (Cesca et al., 2010), neural development (Fornasiero et al., 2010), and neurite outgrowth (Wang et al., 2011).

Article Title: Huntingtin-associated protein-1 is a synapsin I-binding protein regulating synaptic vesicle exocytosis and synapsin I trafficking.
Article Snippet: This finding may reflect a dynamic interaction between HAP1 and synapsin I, consistent with the regulatory role of synapsin I in the formation of the readily releasable pool (RRP), and its dynamic association with SVs (Cesca et al. 2010).

Article Title: MicroRNA-124 attenuates PTSD-like behaviors and reduces the level of inflammatory cytokines by downregulating the expression of TRAF6 in the hippocampus of rats following single-prolonged stress.
Article Snippet: Synapsin I is a neuron-specific cytosolic phosphoprotein that can regulate the kinetics of synaptic vesicle fusion and the function of the synaptic response to extracellular signals (Cesca et al., 2010).

Article Title: Ganglioside GQ1b induces dopamine release through the activation of Pyk2.
Article Snippet: a State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China b Key Laboratory of Diagnostics of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Digital Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China c Department of Pharmacology, Guangxi Institute of Chinese Medicine & Pharmaceutical Science, Nanning, China

Article Title: An integrated transcriptomics and proteomics analysis reveals functional endocytic dysregulation caused by mutations in LRRK2.
Article Snippet: In an attempt to understand this change in synaptic vesicle dispersion, we next investigated the levels of synapsin I, a protein key to tethering synaptic vesicles to each other and to actin filaments (Cesca et al., 2010).



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Image Search Results


NRMS upregulates transcriptional levels of genes related to synaptic plasticity in damaged region of SCI rats. (A) The functional classification of different genes in the SCI + NRMS and SCI + SS groups by GO enrichment analysis. (B) The functional classification of different genes between the SCI + NRMS and SCI + SS groups by KEGG database. (C–F) The relative levels of Syn2 , Syp , GAP43 , and MAP2 mRNA normalized by the Sham group. The bold lines, upper boundaries, and lower boundaries represent the medians, 75 th percentiles, and 25 th percentiles, respectively. Whiskers extend 1.5 times interquartile range ( n = 4 per group). * P < 0.05, vs . Sham group; # P < 0.05, vs . SCI + SS group. GAP43: Growth-associated protein 43; GO: Gene Ontology; KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; MAP2: microtubule-associated protein 2; NRMS: nerve root magnetic stimulation; SCI: spinal cord injury; SS: sham stimulation; Syn2: synapsin II; Syp: synaptophysin.

Journal: Neural Regeneration Research

Article Title: Nerve root magnetic stimulation regulates the synaptic plasticity of injured spinal cord by ascending sensory pathway

doi: 10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-24-00628

Figure Lengend Snippet: NRMS upregulates transcriptional levels of genes related to synaptic plasticity in damaged region of SCI rats. (A) The functional classification of different genes in the SCI + NRMS and SCI + SS groups by GO enrichment analysis. (B) The functional classification of different genes between the SCI + NRMS and SCI + SS groups by KEGG database. (C–F) The relative levels of Syn2 , Syp , GAP43 , and MAP2 mRNA normalized by the Sham group. The bold lines, upper boundaries, and lower boundaries represent the medians, 75 th percentiles, and 25 th percentiles, respectively. Whiskers extend 1.5 times interquartile range ( n = 4 per group). * P < 0.05, vs . Sham group; # P < 0.05, vs . SCI + SS group. GAP43: Growth-associated protein 43; GO: Gene Ontology; KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; MAP2: microtubule-associated protein 2; NRMS: nerve root magnetic stimulation; SCI: spinal cord injury; SS: sham stimulation; Syn2: synapsin II; Syp: synaptophysin.

Article Snippet: In addition, Synapsin I and Synapsin II exert essential roles in neurotransmitter release (Cesca et al., 2010).

Techniques: Functional Assay

NRMS alters expression of proteins associated with synaptic plasticity in the injured spinal cord of rats. (A) Representative western blots show the expression levels of PSD95, GAP43, Synapsin I and Synapsin II collected from the damaged area of spinal cord on day 22 after SCI. (B–E) The semi-quantified results of PSD95, GAP43, Synapsin I, and Synapsin II protein levels. All experiments were repeated three times. Data are expressed as mean ± SD ( n = 5 per group). ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, vs. Sham group; # P < 0.05, ## P < 0.01, vs . SCI + SS group. GAP43: Growth-associated protein 43; PSD95: postsynaptic density protein-95; NRMS: nerve root magnetic stimulation; SCI: spinal cord injury; SS: sham stimulation.

Journal: Neural Regeneration Research

Article Title: Nerve root magnetic stimulation regulates the synaptic plasticity of injured spinal cord by ascending sensory pathway

doi: 10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-24-00628

Figure Lengend Snippet: NRMS alters expression of proteins associated with synaptic plasticity in the injured spinal cord of rats. (A) Representative western blots show the expression levels of PSD95, GAP43, Synapsin I and Synapsin II collected from the damaged area of spinal cord on day 22 after SCI. (B–E) The semi-quantified results of PSD95, GAP43, Synapsin I, and Synapsin II protein levels. All experiments were repeated three times. Data are expressed as mean ± SD ( n = 5 per group). ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, vs. Sham group; # P < 0.05, ## P < 0.01, vs . SCI + SS group. GAP43: Growth-associated protein 43; PSD95: postsynaptic density protein-95; NRMS: nerve root magnetic stimulation; SCI: spinal cord injury; SS: sham stimulation.

Article Snippet: In addition, Synapsin I and Synapsin II exert essential roles in neurotransmitter release (Cesca et al., 2010).

Techniques: Expressing, Western Blot

NRMS upregulates transcriptional levels of genes related to synaptic plasticity in damaged region of SCI rats. (A) The functional classification of different genes in the SCI + NRMS and SCI + SS groups by GO enrichment analysis. (B) The functional classification of different genes between the SCI + NRMS and SCI + SS groups by KEGG database. (C–F) The relative levels of Syn2 , Syp , GAP43 , and MAP2 mRNA normalized by the Sham group. The bold lines, upper boundaries, and lower boundaries represent the medians, 75 th percentiles, and 25 th percentiles, respectively. Whiskers extend 1.5 times interquartile range ( n = 4 per group). * P < 0.05, vs . Sham group; # P < 0.05, vs . SCI + SS group. GAP43: Growth-associated protein 43; GO: Gene Ontology; KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; MAP2: microtubule-associated protein 2; NRMS: nerve root magnetic stimulation; SCI: spinal cord injury; SS: sham stimulation; Syn2: synapsin II; Syp: synaptophysin.

Journal: Neural Regeneration Research

Article Title: Nerve root magnetic stimulation regulates the synaptic plasticity of injured spinal cord by ascending sensory pathway

doi: 10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-24-00628

Figure Lengend Snippet: NRMS upregulates transcriptional levels of genes related to synaptic plasticity in damaged region of SCI rats. (A) The functional classification of different genes in the SCI + NRMS and SCI + SS groups by GO enrichment analysis. (B) The functional classification of different genes between the SCI + NRMS and SCI + SS groups by KEGG database. (C–F) The relative levels of Syn2 , Syp , GAP43 , and MAP2 mRNA normalized by the Sham group. The bold lines, upper boundaries, and lower boundaries represent the medians, 75 th percentiles, and 25 th percentiles, respectively. Whiskers extend 1.5 times interquartile range ( n = 4 per group). * P < 0.05, vs . Sham group; # P < 0.05, vs . SCI + SS group. GAP43: Growth-associated protein 43; GO: Gene Ontology; KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; MAP2: microtubule-associated protein 2; NRMS: nerve root magnetic stimulation; SCI: spinal cord injury; SS: sham stimulation; Syn2: synapsin II; Syp: synaptophysin.

Article Snippet: The following antibodies were used: postsynaptic density protein-95 (PSD95; rabbit, 1:1000, Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA, Cat# 3450S, RRID: AB_2292883), Synapsin I (rabbit, 1:1000, Abmart, Shanghai, China, Cat# 334286), GAP43 (mouse, 1:400, Santa Cruz, Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, USA, Cat# sc-17790, RRID: AB_627660), Synapsin II (rabbit, 1:1000, Abclonal, Wuhan, China, Cat# A19542), and GAPDH (mouse, 1:20 000, Sigma-Aldrich, Cat# G8795, RRID: AB_1078991).

Techniques: Functional Assay

NRMS alters expression of proteins associated with synaptic plasticity in the injured spinal cord of rats. (A) Representative western blots show the expression levels of PSD95, GAP43, Synapsin I and Synapsin II collected from the damaged area of spinal cord on day 22 after SCI. (B–E) The semi-quantified results of PSD95, GAP43, Synapsin I, and Synapsin II protein levels. All experiments were repeated three times. Data are expressed as mean ± SD ( n = 5 per group). ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, vs. Sham group; # P < 0.05, ## P < 0.01, vs . SCI + SS group. GAP43: Growth-associated protein 43; PSD95: postsynaptic density protein-95; NRMS: nerve root magnetic stimulation; SCI: spinal cord injury; SS: sham stimulation.

Journal: Neural Regeneration Research

Article Title: Nerve root magnetic stimulation regulates the synaptic plasticity of injured spinal cord by ascending sensory pathway

doi: 10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-24-00628

Figure Lengend Snippet: NRMS alters expression of proteins associated with synaptic plasticity in the injured spinal cord of rats. (A) Representative western blots show the expression levels of PSD95, GAP43, Synapsin I and Synapsin II collected from the damaged area of spinal cord on day 22 after SCI. (B–E) The semi-quantified results of PSD95, GAP43, Synapsin I, and Synapsin II protein levels. All experiments were repeated three times. Data are expressed as mean ± SD ( n = 5 per group). ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, vs. Sham group; # P < 0.05, ## P < 0.01, vs . SCI + SS group. GAP43: Growth-associated protein 43; PSD95: postsynaptic density protein-95; NRMS: nerve root magnetic stimulation; SCI: spinal cord injury; SS: sham stimulation.

Article Snippet: The following antibodies were used: postsynaptic density protein-95 (PSD95; rabbit, 1:1000, Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA, Cat# 3450S, RRID: AB_2292883), Synapsin I (rabbit, 1:1000, Abmart, Shanghai, China, Cat# 334286), GAP43 (mouse, 1:400, Santa Cruz, Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, USA, Cat# sc-17790, RRID: AB_627660), Synapsin II (rabbit, 1:1000, Abclonal, Wuhan, China, Cat# A19542), and GAPDH (mouse, 1:20 000, Sigma-Aldrich, Cat# G8795, RRID: AB_1078991).

Techniques: Expressing, Western Blot